The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century

作者：D. Fowler, Mhairi Coyle, Ute Skiba, Mark A. Sutton, J.N. Cape, Stefan Reis, Lucy J. Sheppard, Alan Jenkins, Bruna Grizzetti, James N. Galloway, Peter M. Vitousek, Allison M. Leach, Lex Bouwman, Klaus Butterbach‐Bahl, Frank Dentener, David S. Stevenson, Marcus Amann, Maren Voß · 发表于：Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · 年份：2013 · DOI：10.1098/rstb.2013.0164 · 被引用次数：2143 · 研究领域：Peatlands and Wetlands Ecology、Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols、Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics

Global nitrogen fixation contributes 413 Tg of reactive nitrogen (Nr) to terrestrial and marine ecosystems annually of which anthropogenic activities are responsible for half, 210 Tg N. The majority of the transformations of anthropogenic Nr are on land (240 Tg N yr(-1)) within soils and vegetation where reduced Nr contributes most of the input through the use of fertilizer nitrogen in agriculture. Leakages from the use of fertilizer Nr contribute to nitrate (NO3(-)) in drainage waters from agricultural land and emissions of trace Nr compounds to the atmosphere. Emissions, mainly of ammonia (NH3) from land together with combustion related emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), contribute 100 Tg N yr(-1) to the atmosphere, which are transported between countries and processed within the atmosphere, generating secondary pollutants, including ozone and other photochemical oxidants and aerosols, especially ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4. Leaching and riverine transport of NO3 contribute 40-70 Tg N yr(-1) to coastal waters and the open ocean, which together with the 30 Tg input to oceans from atmospheric deposition combine with marine biological nitrogen fixation (140 Tg N yr(-1)) to double the ocean processing of Nr. Some of the marine Nr is buried in sediments, the remainder being denitrified back to the atmosphere as N2 or N2O. The marine processing is of a similar magnitude to that in terrestrial soils and vegetation, but has a larger fraction of natural...