Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

作者：Daniel J. Klionsky, Fábio Camargo Abdalla, Hagai Abeliovich, Robert T. Abraham, Abraham Acevedo‐Arozena, Khosrow Adeli, Lotta Agholme, Maria Carmen Agnello, Patrizia Agostinis, Julio A. Aguirre‐Ghiso, Hyung Jun Ahn, Ouardia Aït-Mohamed, Slimane Ait‐Si‐Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Shizuo Akira, Hesham M. Al‐Younes, Munir A. Al‐Zeer, Matthew L. Albert, Roger L. Albin, Javier Alegre‐Abarrategui, Maria Francesca Aleo, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte Becerril, Atsuo Amano, Ravi K. Amaravadi, Shoba Amarnath, Amal O. Amer, Nathalie Andrieu‐Abadie, Vellareddy Anantharam, David Kong Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar‐Dukie, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Giuseppe Arancia, John P. Aris, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Nana Asare, Hisashi Ashida, Valerie Askanas, David S. Askew, Patrick Auberger, Misuzu Baba, Steven K. Backues, Eric H. Baehrecke, Ben A. Bahr, Xue-Yuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Robert A. Baiocchi, Giulia Baldini, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Bruce A. Bamber, Edward T. W. Bampton, Gábor Juhász, Clinton R. Bartholomew, Diane C. Bassham, Robert C. Bast, Henri Batoko, Boon-Huat Bay, Isabelle Beau, Daniel M. Béchet, Thomas J. Begley, Christian Behl, Christian Behrends, Soumeya Bekri, Bryan H. Bellaire, Linda J. Bendall, Luca Benetti, Laura Berliocchi, Henri Bernardi, Francesca Bernassola, Sébastien Besteiro, Ingrid Bhatia-Kissova, Xiaoning Bi, Martine Biard-Piechaczyk, Janice S. Blum, Lawrence Boise, Paolo Bonaldo, David L. Boone, Beat C. Bornhauser, Karina Ramalho Bortoluci, Ioannis Bossis, Frédéric Bost, Jean‐Pierre Bourquin, Patricia Boya, Michaël Boyer‐Guittaut, Peter V. Bozhkov, Nathan Ryan Brady, Claudio Brancolini, Andreas Brech, Jay E. Brenman, Ana E. Brennand, Emery Bresnick, Patrick Brest, Dave Bridges, Molly L. Bristol, Paul S. Brookes, Eric J. Brown, John Hunter Brumell, Nicola Brunetti‐Pierri, Ulf T. Brunk, Dennis E. Bulman, Scott J. Bultman, Geert Bultynck, Lena F. Burbulla, Wilfried Bursch, Jonathan P. Butchar, Wanda Christa Buzgariu, Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski, Ken Cadwell, Monika Cahová, Jingjing Cai, Jiyang Cai, Qian Cai, Bruno Calabretta, Javier Calvo‐Garrido, Nadine M. Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Jenny Campos‐Salinas, Eleonora Candi, Lizhi Cao, Allan B. Caplan, Simon R. Carding, Sandra M. Cardoso, Jennifer S. Carew, Cathleen R. Carlin, Virginie Carmignac, Leticia A.M. Carneiro, Serena Carra, Rosario A. Caruso, Giorgio Casari, Caty Casas, Roberta Castino, Eduardo Cebollero, Francesco Cecconi, Jean Celli, Hassan Chaachouay, Han–Jung Chae, Chee‐Yin Chai, David C. Chan, Edmond Y.W. Chan, Raymond Chuen‐Chung Chang, Chi‐Ming Che, Ching‐Chow Chen, Guang‐Chao Chen, Guo-Qiang Chen, Min Chen, Quan Chen, Steve S.-L. Chen, Wen‐Li Chen, Xi Chen, Xiangmei Chen, Xiequn Chen, Ye-Guang Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongqiang Chen, Yu-Jen Chen, Zhixiang Chen, Alan C. Cheng, Christopher H.K. Cheng, Yan Cheng, Heesun Cheong, Jae‐Ho Cheong, Sara R. Cherry, Russ Chess‐Williams, Zelda H. Cheung, Éric Chevet, Hui-Ling Chiang, Roberto Chiarelli, Tomoki Chiba, Lih‐Shen Chin, Shih‐Hwa Chiou, Francis V. Chisari, Chi Hin Cho, Dong-Hyung Cho, Augustine M.K. Choi, DooSeok Choi, Kyeong Sook Choi, Mary E. Choi, Salem Chouaib, Vinay Choubey, Vinay Choubey, Charleen T. Chu, Tsung‐Hsien Chuang, Sheau‐Huei Chueh, Taehoon Chun, Yong-Joon Chwae, Mee‐Len Chye, Roberto Ciarcia, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Michael J. Clague, Robert S. B. Clark, Peter G.H. Clarke, Robert C. Clarke, Patrice Codogno, Hilary A. Coller, María I. Colombo, Sergio Comincini, Maria Condello, Fabrizio Condorelli, Mark Cookson, Graham H. Coombs, Isabelle Coppens, Ramón Corbalán, Pascale Cossart, Paola Costelli, Safia Costes, Ana M. Coto‐Montes, Eduardo Couve, Fraser P. Coxon, James M. Cregg, José L. Crespo, Marianne J. Cronjé, Ana María Cuervo, Joseph J. Cullen, Mark J. Czaja, Marcello D’Amelio, Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud, Lester M. Davids, Faith E. Davies, Massimo De Felici, John F. de Groot, Cornelis A. M. de Haan, Luisa De Martino, Angelo De Milito, Vincenzo De Tata, Jayanta Debnath, Alexei Degterev, Benjamin Dehay, Lea M.D. Delbridge, Francesca Demarchi, Yizhen Deng, Jörn Dengjel, Paul Dent, Donna Denton, Vojo P. Deretic, Shyamal D. Desai, Rodney J. Devenish, Mario Di Gioacchino, Gilbert Di Paolo, Chiara Di Pietro, Guillermo Díaz-Araya, Inés Díaz‐Laviada, Maria Teresa Díaz-Meco, Javier Díaz‐Nido, Ivan Đikić, Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar, Wen-Xing Ding, Clark W. Distelhorst, Abhinav Diwan, Mojgan Djavaheri‐Mergny, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Zheng Dong, Frank Charles Dorsey, Victor Dosenko, James J. Dowling, Stephen Doxsey, Marlène Dreux, Mark E. Drew, Qiuhong Duan, Michel A. Duchosal, Karen Duff, Isabelle Dugail, Madeleine Durbeej, Michael Duszenko, Charles L. Edelstein, Aimee L. Edinger, Gustavo Egea, Ludwig Eichinger, N. Tony Eissa, Sühendan Ekmekçioglu, Wafik S. El‐Deiry, Zvulun Elazar, Mohamed Elgendy, Lisa Ellerby, Kai Er Eng, Anna‐Mart Engelbrecht, Simone Engelender, Jekaterina Erenpreisa, Ricardo Escalante, Audrey Esclatine, Eeva‐Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Virginia A. Espina, Huizhou Fan, Jia Fan, Qi-Wen Fan, Zhen Fan, Shengyun Fang, Yongqi Fang, Manolis Fanto, Alessandro Fanzani, Thomas Farkas, Jean‐Claude Farré, Mathias Faure, Marcus Fechheimer, Carl G. Feng, Jian Feng, Qili Feng, Youji Feng, László Fésüs, Ralph Feuer, Maria E. Figueiredo‐Pereira, Gian María Fimia, Diane C. Fingar, Steven M. Finkbeiner, Toren Finkel, Kim D. Finley, Filomena Fiorito, Edward A A Fisher, Paul B. Fisher, Marc Flajolet, Maria L. Florez‐McClure, Salvatore Florio, Edward A. Fon, Francesco Fornai, Franco Fortunato, Rati Fotedar, Daniel H. Fowler, Howard S. Fox, Rodrigo Franco, Lisa B. Frankel, Marc Fransen, José M. Fuentes, Juan Fueyo-Margareto, Jun Fujii, Kozo Fujisaki, Eriko Fujita, Mitsunori Fukuda, Ruth H. Furukawa, Matthias Gaestel, Philippe L. Gailly, Małgorzata Gajewska, Brigitte Galliot, Vincent Galy, Subramaniam Ganesh, Barry Ganetzky, Ian G. Ganley, Fen‐Biao Gao, G Gao, Jinming Gao, Lorena Garcia, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Mikel Garcia‐Marcos, Marjan Garmyn, Andrei L. Gartel, Evelina Gatti, Mathias Gautel, Thomas R. Gawriluk, Matthew E. Gegg, Jiefei Geng, Marc Germain, Jason E. Gestwicki, David A. Gewirtz, Saeid Ghavami, Pradipta Ghosh, A M Giammarioli, Alexandra N. Giatromanolaki, Spencer Bruce Gibson, Robert W. Gilkerson, Michael L. Ginger, Henry N. Ginsberg, Jakub Gołąb, Michael S. Goligorsky, Pierre Golstein, Candelaria Gomez‐Manzano, Ebru Göncü, Céline Gongora, Claudio Daniel González, Ramon Gilberto Gonzalez, Cristina González‐Estévez, Rosa A. González‐Polo, Elena González‐Rey, Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Sharon M. Gorski, Sandro Goruppi, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Devrim Gözüaçık, Giovanna Elvira Granato, Gary Dean Grant, Kim N. Green, Aleš Gregorc, Frédéric Gros, Charles F. Grose, Thomas W. Grunt, Philippe Gual, Jun‐Lin Guan, Kun‐Liang Guan, Sylvie Mireille Guichard, Anna S. Gukovskaya, Ilya Gukovsky, Jan Gunst, Åsa B. Gustafsson, Andrew J. Halayko, Amber N. Hale, Sandra K. Halonen, Maho Hamasaki, Feng Han, Ting Han, Michael K. Hancock, Malene Hansen, Hisashi Harada, Masaru Harada, Stefan E. Hardt, J. Wade Harper, Adrian L. Harris, James Harris, Steven D. Harris, Makoto Hashimoto, Jeffrey A. Haspel, Shin-ichiro Hayashi, Lori A. Hazelhurst, Congcong He, You‐Wen He, Marie‐Josée Hébert, Kim A. Heidenreich, Miep Helfrich, G. Vignir Helgason, Elizabeth P Henske, Brian Herman, Paul K. Herman, Claudio A. Hetz, Sabine Hilfiker, Joseph A. Hill, Lynne J. Hocking, Paul M Hofman, Thomas G. Hofmann, Jörg Höhfeld, Tessa L. Holyoake, Ming‐Huang Hong, David Albert Hood, Gökhan S. Hotamisligil, Ewout J. Houwerzijl, Maria Helena Høyer-Hansen, Bingren R. Hu, Chien‐An Andy Hu, Hong‐Ming Hu, Ya Hua, Canhua Huang, Ju Huang, Shengbing Huang, Wei‐Pang Huang, Tobias Bruno Huber, Won‐Ki Huh, Tai‐Ho Hung, Ted R. Hupp, Gang Min Hur, James B. Hurley, Sabah N.A. Hussain, Patrick J. Hussey, Jung Jin Hwang, Seungmin Hwang, Atsuhiro Ichihara, Shirin Ilkhanizadeh, Ken Inoki, Takeshi Into, Valentina Iovane, Juan Iovanna, Nancy Y. Ip, Yoshitaka Isaka, H. Ishida, Ciro Isidoro, Ken-ichi Isobe, Akiko Iwasaki, Marta Izquierdo, Yotaro Izumi, Panu Jaakkola, Marja Jäättelä, George R. Jackson, William T. Jackson, Bassam Janji, Marina Jendrach, Ju‐Hong Jeon, Eui‐Bae Jeung, Hong Qi Jiang, Hongchi Jiang, Jean Xin Jiang, Ming Jiang, Qing Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Alberto Jiménez, Meiyan Jin, Shengkan V. Jin, Cheol O. Joe, Terje Johansen, Daniel E. Johnson, Gail V.W. Johnson, Nicola L. Jones, Bertrand Joseph, Suresh K. Joseph, Annie M. Joubert, Gábor Juhász, Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret, Chang Hwa Jung, Yong‐Keun Jung, Kai Kaarniranta, Allen Kaasik, Tomohiro Kabuta, Motoni Kadowaki, Katarina Kågedal, Yoshiaki Kamada, Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy, Harm H. Kampinga, Hiromitsu Kanamori, Chanhee Kang, Khong Bee Kang, Kwang Il Kang, Rui Kang, Yoon-A Kang, Tomotake Kanki, Thirumala‐Devi Kanneganti, Haruo Kanno, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy, Arthi Kanthasamy, Vassiliki Karantza, Gur P. Kaushal, Susmita Kaushik, Yoshinori Kawazoe, Po‐Yuan Ke, John H. Kehrl, Ameeta Kelekar, Claus Kerkhoff, David H. Kessel, Hany Khalil, Jan A.K.W. Kiel, Amy A. Kiger, Akio Kihara, Deok Ryong Kim, Do‐Hyung Kim, Dong‐Hou Kim, Eun‐Kyoung Kim, Hyung‐Ryong Kim, Jae-Sung Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Jin Cheon Kim, John K. Kim, Peter K. Kim, Seong Who Kim, Yong-Sun Kim, Yonghyun Kim, Adi Kimchi, Alec C. Kimmelman, Jason King, Timothy James Kinsella, Vladimir Kirkin, Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Kaio Kitazato, Ludger Klein, Walter T. Klimecki, Jochen Klucken, Erwin Knecht, Ben C.B. Ko, Jan Christoph Koch, Hiroshi Koga, Jae‐Young Koh, Young Ho Koh, Masato Koike, Masaaki Komatsu, Eiki Kominami, Hee Jeong Kong, Wei-Jia Kong, Viktor I. Korolchuk, Yaichiro Kotake, Michael Ioannis Koukourakis, Juan Bautista Kouri, Attila L. Kovács, Claudine Kraft, Dimitri Krainc, Helmut Krämer, Carole Kretz‐Remy, Anna M. Krichevsky, Guido Kroemer, Rejko Krüger, Oleg Krut, Nicholas T. Ktistakis, Chia-Yi Kuan, Róża Kucharczyk, Ashok Kumar, Raj Kumar, Sharad Kumar, Mondira Kundu, Hsing‐Jien Kung, Tino Kurz, Ho Jeong Kwon, Albert R. La Spada, Frank Lafont, Trond Lamark, Jacques Landry, Jon D. Lane, Pierre Lapaquette, Jocelyn Laporte, Lajos László, Sergio Lavandero, Josée Lavoie, Robert Layfield, Pedro A. Lazo, Weidong Le, Laurent Le Cam, Daniel Ledbetter, Alvin J. X. Lee, Byung‐Wan Lee, Gyun Min Lee, Jong‐Dae Lee, Ju‐Hyun Lee, Michael Lee, Myung‐Shik Lee, Sug Hyung Lee, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, Patrick Legembre, Renaud Legouis, Michael Herbert Lehmann, Huan‐Yao Lei, Qun‐Ying Lei, David A. Leib, José Manuel Leiro, John J. Lemasters, Antoinette Lemoine, Maciej S. Lesniak, Dina Chelouche Lev, Victor Levenson, Beth Levine, Efrat Levy, Faqiang Li, Junlin Li, Lian Li, Sheng Li, Weijie Li, Xuejun Li, Yanbo Li, Yi-Ping Li, Chengyu Liang, Qiangrong Liang, Yung-Feng Liao, Pawel P. Liberski, Andrew P. Lieberman, Hyunjung J. Lim, Kah‐Leong Lim, Kyu Lim, Chiou‐Feng Lin, Fu‐Cheng Lin, Jian Lin, Jiandie D. Lin, Kui Lin, Wan‐Wan Lin, Weei-Chin Lin, Yi‐Ling Lin, Rafael Linden, Paul Lingor, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, Michael P. Lisanti, Paloma B. Liton, Bo Liu, Chun‐Feng Liu, Kaiyu Liu, Leyuan Liu, Qiong Liu, Wei Liu, Young‐Chau Liu, Yule Liu, Richard A. Lockshin, Chun‐Nam Lok, Sagar Lonial, Ben Loos, Gabriel Lopez‐Berestein, Carlos López-Otı́n, Laura Lossi, Michael T. Lotze, Péter Lőw, Binfeng Lu, Bingwei Lu, Jiahong Lu, Zhen Lü, Frédéric Luciano, Nicholas W. Lukacs, Anders Henrik Lund, Melinda A. Lynch-Day, Yong Ma, Fernando Macián, Jeff P. MacKeigan, Kay F. Macleod, Frank Madeo, Luigi Maiuri, Maria Chiara Maiuri, Davide Malagoli, May Christine V. Malicdan, Walter Malorni, Na Man, Eva‐Maria Mandelkow, Stéphen Manon, Irena Manov, Kai Mao, Xiang Mao, Zixu Mao, Philippe Marambaud, Daniela Marazziti, Yves L. Marcel, Katie Marchbank, Piero Marchetti, Stefan John Marciniak, Mateus Marcondes, Mohsen Mardi, Gabriella Marfè, Guillermo Mariño, Maria P. Markaki, Mark R. Marten, Séamus J. Martin, Camille Martinand-Mari, Wim Martinet, Marta Martínez‐Vicente, Matilde Masini, Paola Matarrese, Saburo Matsuo, Raffaele Matteoni, Andreas C. R. Mayer, Nathalie M. Mazure, David James McConkey, Melanie Jane McConnell, Catherine McDermott, Christine McDonald, Gerald M. McInerney, Sharon L. McKenna, BethAnn McLaughlin, Pamela J. McLean, Christopher R. McMaster, G. Angus McQuibban, Alfred J. Meijer, Miriam H. Meisler, Alicia Meléndez, Thomas J. Melia, Gerry Melino, María A. Mena, Javier A. Menéndez, Rubem F. S. Menna‐Barreto, M. Menon, Fiona M. Menzies, Carol A. Mercer, Adalberto Merighi, Diane E. Merry, Stefania Meschini, Christian G. Meyer, Thomas F. Meyer, Chao‐Yu Miao, Jun‐Ying Miao, Paul A.M. Michels, Carine Michiels, Dalibor Mijaljica, Ana Milojkovic, Saverio Minucci, Clelia Miracco, Cindy K. Miranti, Ioannis Mitroulis, Keisuke Miyazawa, Noboru Mizushima, Baharia Mograbi, Simin Mohseni, Xavier Molero, Bertrand Mollereau, Faustino Mollinedo, Takashi Momoi, Iryna Monastyrska, Martha M. Monick, Mervyn J. Monteiro, Michael N. Moore, Rodrigo Mora, Kevin Moreau, Paula Isabel Moreira, Yuji Moriyasu, Jorge Moscat, Serge Mostowy, Jeremy Charles Mottram, T. Motyl, Charbel Moussa, Sylke Müller, Sylviane Muller, Karl Münger, Christian Münz, Leon O. Murphy, Maureen E. Murphy, Antonio Musarò, Indira Mysorekar, Eiichiro Nagata, Kazuhiro Nagata, Aimable Nahimana, Usha B. Nair, Toshiyuki Nakagawa, Kiichi Nakahira, Hiroyasu Nakano, Hitoshi Nakatogawa, Meera Nanjundan, Naweed I. Naqvi, Derek P. Narendra, Masashi Narita, Miguel Navarro, Steffan T. Nawrocki, Taras Y. Nazarko, Andriy Nemchenko, Mihai G. Netea, Thomas P. Neufeld, Paul A. Ney, Ioannis P. Nezis, Huu Phuc Nguyen, Daotai Nie, Ichizo Nishino, Corey Nislow, Ralph A. Nixon, Takeshi Noda, Angelika A. Noegel, Anna Nogalska, S. Noguchi, Lucia M. Notterpek, Ivana Novak, Tomoyoshi Nozaki, Nobuyuki Nukina, Thorsten Nürnberger, Beat Nyfeler, Keisuke Obara, Terry D. Oberley, Salvatore Oddo, Michinaga Ogawa, Toya Ohashi, Koji Okamoto, Nancy L. Oleinick, Francisco Javier Oliver, Laura J. Olsen, Stefan Olsson, Onya Opota, Timothy F. Osborne, Gary K. Ostrander, Kinya Otsu, Jing-hsiung James Ou, Mireille Ouimet, Michael Overholtzer, Bülent Özpolat, Paolo Paganetti, Ugo Pagnini, Nicolas Pallet, Glen E. Palmer, Camilla Palumbo, Tianhong Pan, Theocharis Panaretakis, Udai Bhan Pandey, Zuzana Papáčková, Issidora S. Papassideri, Irmgard B. Paris, Junsoo Park, Ohkmae K. Park, Jan B. Parys, Katherine R. Parzych, Susann A. Patschan, Cam Patterson, Sophie Pattingre, John M. Pawelek, Jianxin Peng, David H. Perlmutter, Ida Daniela Perrotta, George Perry, Shazib Pervaiz, Matthias Peter, Godefridus J. Peters, Morten Petersen, Goran Petrovski, James Ming Phang, Mauro Piacentini, Philippe Pierre, Valérie Pierrefite‐Carle, Gérard Pierron, Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski, Antonio Piras, Natik Piri, Leonidas C. Platanias, Stefanie Pöggeler, Marc Poirot, Angelo Poletti, Christian Poüs, Mercedes Pozuelo-Rubio, Mette Prætorius-Ibba, Anil Prasad, Mark Prescott, Muriel Priault, Nathalie Produit-Zengaffinen, Ann Progulske‐Fox, Tassula Proikas‐Cezanne, Serge Przedborski, Karin Przyklenk, Rosa Puertollano, Julien Puyal, Shu‐Bing Qian, Liang Qin, Zheng-Hong Qin, Susan E. Quaggin, Nina Raben, Hannah Rabinowich, Simon W. Rabkin, Irfan Rahman, Abdelhaq Rami, Georg Ramm, Glenn C. Randall, Felix Randow, V. Ashutosh Rao, Jeffrey C. Rathmell, Brinda Ravikumar, Swapan K. Ray, Bruce H. Reed, John C. Reed, Fulvio Reggiori, Jean-Claude Régnier, Andreas S. Reichert, John J. Reiners, Russel Joseph Reiter, Jun Ren, José Luis Revuelta, Christopher J. Rhodes, Konstantinos Ritis, Elizete Rizzo, Jeffrey M. Robbins, Michel Roberge, Hernán Roca, Maria Carmela Roccheri, Stéphane Rocchi, H. Peter Rodemann, Santiago Rodrı́guez de Córdoba, Bärbel Rohrer, Igor B. Roninson, Kirill V. Rosen, Magdalena Maria Rost-Roszkowska, Mustapha Rouis, Kasper M. A. Rouschop, Francesca Rovetta, Brian P. Rubin, David Chaim Rubinsztein, Klaus Ruckdeschel, Edmund B. Rucker, Assaf Rudich, Emil Rudolf, Nelson Ruiz‐Opazo, Rossella Russo, Tor Erik Rusten, Kevin M. Ryan, Stefan W. Ryter, David M. Sabatini, Junichi Sadoshima, Tapas Kumar Saha, Tatsuya Saitoh, Hiroshi Sakagami, Yasuyoshi Sakai, Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh, Paolo Salomoni, Paul M. Salvaterra, Guy Salvesen, Rosa Salvioli, Anthony M. J. Sanchez, José Antonio Sánchez-Alcázar, Ricardo Sánchez‐Prieto, Marco Sandri, Uma Vadassery Sankar, Poonam Sansanwal, Laura Santambrogio, Shweta Saran, Sovan Sarkar, Minnie Sarwal, Chihiro Sasakawa, Aušra Sasnauskienė, Miklós Sass, Ken Sato, Miyuki Sato, Anthony H.V. Schapira, Michael M. Scharl, Hermann M. Schätzl, Wiep Scheper, Stefano Schiaffino, Claudio Schneider, Marion E. Schneider, Regine Schneider‐Stock, Patricia V. Schoenlein, Daniel F. Schorderet, Christoph Schüller, Gary K. Schwartz, Luca Scorrano, Linda J. Sealy, Per O. Seglen, Juan Segura‐Aguilar, Iban Seiliez, Oleksandr Seleverstov, Christian Sell, Jong Bok Seo, Duška Šeparović, Vijayasaradhi Setaluri, Takao Setoguchi, Carmine Settembre, John J. Shacka, Mala Shanmugam, Irving M. Shapiro, Eitan Shaulian, Reuben J. Shaw, James H. Shelhamer, Han‐Ming Shen, Wei‐Chiang Shen, Zu-Hang Sheng, Yang Shi, Kenichi Shibuya, Yoshihiro Shidoji, Jeng‐Jer Shieh, Chwen‐Ming Shih, Yohta Shimada, Shigeomi Shimizu, Takahiro Shintani, Orian Shirihai, Gordon C. Shore, Andriy А. Sibirny, Stan B. Sidhu, Beata Sikorska, Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacarin, Alison Simmons, Anna Katharina Simon, Hans‐Uwe Simon, Cristiano Simone, Anne Katrine Wrist Simonsen, David A. Sinclair, Rajat Singh, Debasish Sinha, Frank A. Sinicrope, Agnieszka Sirko, Parco M. Siu, Efthimios Sivridis, Vojtěch Škop, Vladimir P. Skulachev, Ruth S. Slack, Soraya Soubhi Smaili, Duncan Richard Smith, Marı́a S. Soengas, Thierry Soldati, Xueqin Song, Anil K. Sood, Tuck Wah Soong, Federica Sotgia, Stephen A. Spector, Claudia Spies, Wolfdieter Springer, Srinivasa Murty Srinivasula, Leonidas Stefanis, Joan S. Steffan, Ruediger Stendel, Harald Stenmark, Anastasis Stephanou, Stęphan T. Stern, Cinthya Sternberg, Björn Stork, Peter Strålfors, Carlos S. Subauste, Xinbing Sui, David Sulzer, Jiaren Sun, Shi‐Yong Sun, Zhi-Jun Sun, Joseph J.�Y. Sung, Kuninori Suzuki, Toshihiko Suzuki, Michele S. Swanson, Charles Swanton, Sean T. Sweeney, Lai‐King Sy, György Szabadkai, Ira A. Tabas, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Marco Tafani, Krisztina Takács‐Vellai, Yoshitaka Takano, Kaoru Takegawa, Genzou Takemura, Fumihiko Takeshita, Nicholas J. Talbot, Kevin S. W. Tan, Keiji Tanaka, Kozo Tanaka, Daolin Tang, Dingzhong Tang, Isei Tanida, Bakhos A. Tannous, Nektarios Tavernarakis, Graham S. Taylor, Gregory Alan Taylor, J. Paul Taylor, Lance S. Terada, Alexei Terman, Gianluca Tettamanti, Karin Thevissen, Craig B. Thompson, Andrew M. Thorburn, Michael Thumm, Fengfeng Tian, Yuan Tian, Glauco Tocchini-Valentini, Aviva M. Tolkovsky, Yasuhiko Tomino, Lars Tönges, Sharon A. Tooze, Cathy Tournier, John Tower, Roberto Towns, Vladimir Trajković, Leonardo H. Travassos, Ting‐Fen Tsai, Mario P. Tschan, Takeshi Tsubata, Allan Tsung, Boris Turk, Lorianne S. Turner, Suresh Chand Tyagi, Yasuo Uchiyama, Takashi Ueno, Midori Umekawa, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Vivek K. Unni, María I. Vaccaro, Enza Maria Valente, Greet Van den Berghe, Ida J. van der Klei, Wouter G. van Doorn, Linda Faye van Dyk, Marjolein van Egmond, Leo A. van Grunsven, Peter Vandenabeele, Wim Vandenberghe, Ilse Vanhorebeek, Eva Cristina Vaquero, Guillermo Velasco, Tibor Vellai, José Miguel Vicencio, Richard D. Vierstra, Miquel Vila, Cécile Vindis, Giampietro Viola, Maria Teresa Viscomi, Olga V. Voitsekhovskaja, Clarissa von Haefen, Marcela Votruba, Keiji Wada, Richard Wade‐Martins, Cheryl L. Walker, Craig Michael Walsh, Jochen Walter, Xiang‐Bo Wan, Aimin Wang, Chenguang Wang, Dawei Wang, Fan Wang, Fen Wang, Guanghui Wang, Haichao Wang, Hong‐Gang Wang, Horng‐Dar Wang, Jin Wang, Ke Wang, Mei Wang, Richard C. Wang, Xinglong Wang, Xiujie J. Wang, Ying Wang, Yipeng Wang, Zhen-Bo Wang, Zhigang Charles Wang, Zhinong Wang, Derick G. Wansink, Diane McVey Ward, Hirotaka Watada, Sarah L. Waters, Paul Christopher Webster, Lixin Wei, Conrad C. Weihl, William A. Weiss, Scott M. Welford, Long-Ping Wen, Caroline A. Whitehouse, J. Lindsay Whitton, Alexander J. Whitworth, Tom Wileman, John W. Wiley, Simon R. Wilkinson, Dieter Willbold, Roger Williams, Peter Richard Williamson, Bradly G. Wouters, Chenghan Wu, Daocheng Wu, William Ka Kei Wu, Andreas Wyttenbach, Ramnik J. Xavier, Zhijun Xi, Pu Xia, Gengfu Xiao, Zhiping Xie, Zhonglin Xie, D Xu, Jinxian Xu, Liang Xu, Xiaolei Xu, Ai Yamamoto, Akitsugu Yamamoto, Shunhei Yamashina, Michiaki Yamashita, Zhen Yan, Mitsuhiro Yanagida, Dun‐Sheng Yang, Elizabeth Yang, Jinming Yang, Shi Yu Yang, Wannian Yang, Wei Yuan Yang, Zhifen Yang, Meng-Chao Yao, Tso-Pang Yao, Behzad Yeganeh, Wei-Lien Yen, Jia-Jing Yin, Xiao-Ming Yin, Ook-Joon Yoo, Gyesoon Yoon, Seung-Yong Yoon, Tomohiro Yorimitsu, Yuko Yoshikawa, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Kohki Yoshimoto, Ho Jin You, Richard J. Youle, Anas Younes, Wai Haung Yu, Long Yu, Seong-Woon Yu, Wai Haung Yu, Zhi-Min Yuan, Zhenyu Yue, Cheol‐Heui Yun, Michisuke Yuzaki, Olga Zabirnyk, Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacarin, David N. Zacks, Eldad Zacksenhaus, Nadia Zaffaroni, Zahra Zakeri, Herbert J. Zeh, Scott Zeitlin, Hong Zhang, Huiling Zhang, Jianhua Zhang, Jingpu Zhang, Lin Zhang, Long Zhang, Ming-Yong Zhang, Xu Dong Zhang, Mantong Zhao, Yi‐Fang Zhao, Ying Zhao, Zhizhuang Joe Zhao, Xiaoxiang Zheng, Boris Zhivotovsky, Qing Zhong, Cong‐Zhao Zhou, Changlian Zhu, Wei‐Guo Zhu, Xiaofeng Zhu, Xiongwei Zhu, Yuangang Zhu, Teresa Żołądek, Wei‐Xing Zong, António Zorzano, Jürgen Zschocke, Brian Scott Zuckerbraun · 发表于：Autophagy · 年份：2012 · DOI：10.4161/auto.19496 · 被引用次数：4068 · 研究领域：Autophagy in Disease and Therapy、Plant responses to water stress、Toxoplasma gondii Research Studies

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many...