International variation in neighborhood walkability, transit, and recreation environments using geographic information systems: the IPEN adult study

作者：Marc A. Adams, Lawrence Douglas Frank, Jasper Schipperijn, Graham E. Smith, James E. Chapman, Lars Breum Christiansen, Neil T. Coffee, Deborah Salvo, L. Du Toit, Jan Dygrýn, Adriano Akira Ferreira Hino, PC Lai, Suzanne Mavoa, José D. Pinzón, Nico Van de Weghe, Ester Cerin, Rachel Davey, Duncan James Macfarlane, Neville G. Owen, James F. Sallis · 发表于：International Journal of Health Geographics · 年份：2014 · DOI：10.1186/1476-072x-13-43 · 被引用次数：263 · 研究领域：Urban Transport and Accessibility、Physical Activity and Health、Urban Green Space and Health

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends strategies to improve urban design, public transportation, and recreation facilities to facilitate physical activity for non-communicable disease prevention for an increasingly urbanized global population. Most evidence supporting environmental associations with physical activity comes from single countries or regions with limited variation in urban form. This paper documents variation in comparable built environment features across countries from diverse regions. METHODS: The International Physical Activity and the Environment Network (IPEN) study of adults aimed to measure the full range of variation in the built environment using geographic information systems (GIS) across 12 countries on 5 continents. Investigators in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, China, Mexico, New Zealand, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States followed a common research protocol to develop internationally comparable measures. Using detailed instructions, GIS-based measures included features such as walkability (i.e., residential density, street connectivity, mix of land uses), and access to public transit, parks, and private recreation facilities around each participant's residential address using 1-km and 500-m street network buffers. RESULTS: Eleven of 12 countries and 15 cities had objective GIS data on built environment features. We observed a 38-fold difference in median residential densities, a 5-f...