Population fragmentation and inter‐ecosystem movements of grizzly bears in western Canada and the northern United States

作者：Michael F. Proctor, David Paetkau, Bruce N. McLellan, Gordon B. Stenhouse, Katherine C. Kendall, Richard D. Mace, Wayne F. Kasworm, Christopher Servheen, Cori L. Lausen, Michael L. Gibeau, Wayne L. Wakkinen, Mark A. Haroldson, Garth Mowat, Clayton D. Apps, Lana M. Ciarniello, Robert M. R. Barclay, Mark S. Boyce, Charles C. Schwartz, Curtis Strobeck · 发表于：Wildlife Monographs · 年份：2011 · DOI：10.1002/wmon.6 · 被引用次数：228 · 研究领域：Wildlife Ecology and Conservation、Rangeland and Wildlife Management、Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation

Abstract Population fragmentation compromises population viability, reduces a species ability to respond to climate change, and ultimately may reduce biodiversity. We studied the current state and potential causes of fragmentation in grizzly bears over approximately 1,000,000 km 2 of western Canada, the northern United States (US), and southeast Alaska. We compiled much of our data from projects undertaken with a variety of research objectives including population estimation and trend, landscape fragmentation, habitat selection, vital rates, and response to human development. Our primary analytical techniques stemmed from genetic analysis of 3,134 bears, supplemented with radiotelemetry data from 792 bears. We used 15 locus microsatellite data coupled with measures of genetic distance, isolation‐by‐distance (IBD) analysis, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), linear multiple regression, multi‐factorial correspondence analysis (to identify population divisions or fractures with no a priori assumption of group membership), and population‐assignment methods to detect individual migrants between immediately adjacent areas. These data corroborated observations of inter‐area movements from our telemetry database. In northern areas, we found a spatial genetic pattern of IBD, although there was evidence of natural fragmentation from the rugged heavily glaciated coast mountains of British Columbia (BC) and the Yukon. These results contrasted with the spatial pattern of fragmentation in mo...