Tobacco and Cancer: Recent Epidemiological Evidence

作者：Paolo Vineis, Michael C.R. Alavanja, Patricia A. Buffler, Elizabeth T. H. Fontham, Silvia Franceschi, Yu‐Tang Gao, Priti Gupta, Allan K. Hackshaw, Elena Matos, Jeffrey H. Samet, Freddy Sitas, Jean S. Smith, Leslie Thomas Stayner, Kurt Straíf, Michael J. Thun, H-Erich Wichmann, A. H. Wu, David Georgievich Zaridze, Richard Peto, Richard Doll · 发表于：JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 年份：2004 · DOI：10.1093/jnci/djh014 · 被引用次数：743 · 研究领域：Cancer Risks and Factors、Global Cancer Incidence and Screening、Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection

During the 1950s, the evidence was clearly sufficient to establish the carcinogenicity of tobacco smoking (1). By the end of the 1950s, convincing evidence linking smoking with lung cancer and other cancers had been obtained from case–control and cohort studies, carcinogens had been identified in tobacco smoke, and cigarette smoke condensate had been shown to cause tumors when painted on the skin of mice. Since then, the numbers of deaths attributable to tobacco smoking have sharply increased, reflecting the heavy smoking patterns of previous decades. It has been estimated that tobacco smoking is currently responsible for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths in developed countries, and that if current smoking patterns persist, an epidemic of cancer attributable to tobacco smoking is expected to occur in developing countries (2). In addition, smoking causes even more deaths from vascular, respiratory, and other diseases than from cancer, so that, in total, tobacco smoking is estimated to account for approximately 4–5 million deaths a year worldwide. This number is projected to increase to approximately 10 million a year by 2030. Thus, if current smoking patterns continue, there will be more than 1 billion deaths attributable to tobacco smoking in the 21st century compared with approximately 100 million deaths in the 20th century (2). The only other causes of disease with such rapidly increasing impact are those associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection and, perh...