Polarization and Adiabatic Pumping in Inhomogeneous Crystals

作者：Di Xiao, Junren Shi, Dennis P. Clougherty, Qian Niu · 发表于：Physical Review Letters · 年份：2009 · DOI：10.1103/physrevlett.102.087602 · 被引用次数：66 · 研究领域：Topological Materials and Phenomena、Crystallography and Radiation Phenomena、Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research

We develop a general theory of electric polarization in crystals with inhomogeneous order. We show that the inhomogeneity-induced polarization can be classified into two parts: a perturbative contribution stemming from a correction to the basis functions and a topological contribution described in terms of the Chern-Simons form of the Berry gauge fields. The latter is determined up to an uncertainty quantum, which is the second Chern number in appropriate units. Our theory provides an exhaustive link between microscopic models and the macroscopic polarization.