Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading – an analysis of contemporary long‐term data from 35 case studies

作者：Erik Jeppesen, Martin Søndergaard, Jens Peder Jensen, Karl E. Havens, Orlane Anneville, Laurence Carvalho, Michael Coveney, Rainer Deneke, Martin T. Dokulil, Bob Foy, Daniel Gerdeau×, Stephanie E. Hampton, Sabine Hilt, Külli Kangur, Jan Köhler, Eddy H.H.R. Lammens, Torben L. Lauridsen, Marina Manca, María Rosa Miracle, Brian Moss, Peeter Nõges, Gun­nar Persson, Geoff Phillips, R. Portielje, Susana Romo, Claire L. Schelske, Dietmar Straile, István Tátrai, Eva Willén, Monika Winder · 发表于：Freshwater Biology · 年份：2005 · 被引用次数：1337 · 研究领域：Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics、Marine and coastal ecosystems、Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics

Summary 1. This synthesis examines 35 long‐term (5–35 years, mean: 16 years) lake re‐oligotrophication studies. It covers lakes ranging from shallow (mean depth <5 m and/or polymictic) to deep (mean depth up to 177 m), oligotrophic to hypertrophic (summer mean total phosphorus concentration from 7.5 to 3500 μ g L −1 before loading reduction), subtropical to temperate (latitude: 28–65°), and lowland to upland (altitude: 0–481 m). Shallow north‐temperate lakes were most abundant. 2. Reduction of external total phosphorus (TP) loading resulted in lower in‐lake TP concentration, lower chlorophyll a (chl a ) concentration and higher Secchi depth in most lakes. Internal loading delayed the recovery, but in most lakes a new equilibrium for TP was reached after 10–15 years, which was only marginally influenced by the hydraulic retention time of the lakes. With decreasing TP concentration, the concentration of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) also declined substantially. 3. Decreases (if any) in total nitrogen (TN) loading were lower than for TP in most lakes. As a result, the TN : TP ratio in lake water increased in 80% of the lakes. In lakes where the TN loading was reduced, the annual mean in‐lake TN concentration responded rapidly. Concentrations largely followed predictions derived from an empirical model developed earlier for Danish lakes, which includes external TN loading, hydraulic retention time and mean depth as explanatory variables. 4. Phytoplankton clearly responded to ...