NITROGEN EXCESS IN NORTH AMERICAN ECOSYSTEMS: PREDISPOSING FACTORS, ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES, AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

作者：Mark E. Fenn, Mark A. Poth, John D. Aber, Jill S. Baron, Bernard T. Bormann, Dale W. Johnson, A. Dennis Lemly, Steven G. McNulty, Douglas F. Ryan, Robert Stottlemyer · 发表于：Ecological Applications · 年份：1998 · DOI：10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0706:neinae]2.0.co;2 · 被引用次数：774 · 研究领域：Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics、Peatlands and Wetlands Ecology、Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics

Most forests in North America remain nitrogen limited, although recent studies have identified forested areas that exhibit symptoms of N excess, analogous to overfertilization of arable land. Nitrogen excess in watersheds is detrimental because of disruptions in plant/soil nutrient relations, increased soil acidification and aluminum mobility, increased emissions of nitrogenous greenhouse gases from soil, reduced methane consumption in soil, decreased water quality, toxic effects on freshwater biota, and eutrophication of coastal marine waters. Elevated nitrate (NO3−) loss to groundwater or surface waters is the primary symptom of N excess. Additional symptoms include increasing N concentrations and higher N:nutrient ratios in foliage (i.e., N:Mg, N:P), foliar accumulation of amino acids or NO3−, and low soil C:N ratios. Recent nitrogen-fertilization studies in New England and Europe provide preliminary evidence that some forests receiving chronic N inputs may decline in productivity and experience greater mortality. Long-term fertilization at Mount Ascutney, Vermont, suggests that declining and slow N-cycling coniferous stands may be replaced by fast-growing and fast N-cycling deciduous forests. Symptoms of N saturation are particularly severe in high-elevation, nonaggrading spruce–fir ecosystems in the Appalachian Mountains and in eastern hardwood watersheds at the Fernow Experimental Forest near Parsons, West Virginia. In the Los Angeles Air Basin, mixed conifer forests an...