Perfluoroalkyl acids in the Canadian environment: Multi-media assessment of current status and trends

作者：Sarah B. Gewurtz, Sean Backus, Amila O. De Silva, Lutz Ahrens, Alain Armellin, Marlene S. Evans, Susan Fraser, Melissa Gledhill, Paula Guerra, Tom Harner, Paul A. Helm, Hayley Hung, Nav Khera, Mingu Kim, Martha King, Sum Chi Lee, Robert J. Letcher, Pamela A. Martin, Chris Marvin, Daryl J. McGoldrick, Anne L. Myers, Magella Pelletier, Joe Pomeroy, Eric J. Reiner, Myriam Rondeau, Marie-Claude Sauvé, Mark Sekela, Mahiba Shoeib, Daniel W. Smith, Shirley Anne Smyth, John Struger, Doug Spry, Jim Syrgiannis, Jasmine Waltho · 发表于：Environment International · 年份：2013 · DOI：10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.008 · 被引用次数：77 · 研究领域：Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research、Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact、Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols

In Canada, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been the focus of several monitoring programs and research and surveillance studies. Here, we integrate recent data and perform a multi-media assessment to examine the current status and ongoing trends of PFAAs in Canada. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and other long-chain perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) in air, water, sediment, fish, and birds across Canada are generally related to urbanization, with elevated concentrations observed around cities, especially in southern Ontario. PFOS levels in water, fish tissue, and bird eggs were below their respective Draft Federal Environmental Quality Guidelines, suggesting there is low potential for adverse effects to the environment/organisms examined. However, PFOS in fish and bird eggs tended to exceed guidelines for the protection of mammalian and avian consumers, suggesting a potential risk to their wildlife predators, although wildlife population health assessments are needed to determine whether negative impacts are actually occurring. Long-term temporal trends of PFOS in suspended sediment, sediment cores, Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) eggs collected from Lake Ontario increased consistently from the start of data collection until the 1990s. However, after this time, the trends varied by media, with concentrations stabilizing in Lake Trout and Herring Gull eggs, and decreasing and increasing in susp...