Antibiotic Body Burden of Chinese School Children: A Multisite Biomonitoring-based Study

作者：Hexing Wang, Bin Wang, Qi Zhao, Yanping Zhao, Chaowei Fu, Xin Feng, Na Wang, Meifang Su, Chuanxi Tang, Feng Jiang, Ying Zhou, Yue Chen, Qingwu Jiang · 发表于：Environmental Science & Technology · 年份：2015 · DOI：10.1021/es5059428 · 被引用次数：141 · 研究领域：Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts、Antibiotic Use and Resistance、Antibiotics Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy

To explore the antibiotic body burden of Chinese school children, total urinary concentrations (free and conjugated) of 18 representative antibiotics (5 macrolides, 2 β-lactams, 3 tetracyclines, 4 quinolones, and 4 sulfonamides) were measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry among 1064 school students recruited from 3 economically and geographically distinct areas in east China in 2013. All 18 antibiotics were detected in urine samples with the detection frequencies ranging from 0.4 to 19.6%. The antibiotics were detected in 58.3% of urine samples overall, and this detection frequency reached at 74.4% in one study site. Of them, 47.8% of the urine samples had a sum of mass concentration of all antibiotics between 0.1 (minimum) and 20.0 ng/mL, and 8 antibiotics had their concentrations of above 1000 ng/mL in some urine samples. Three veterinary antibiotics, 4 human antibiotics, and 11 human/veterinary antibiotics were found overall in 6.3, 19.9, and 49.4% of urine samples, respectively. The detection frequencies and concentration levels of antibiotics in urine samples differed by study areas. Concerning mixed exposures, a total of 137 combinations of antibiotics and 20 combinations of antibiotic categories were found overall. Two or more antibiotics or categories were concurrently detected in more than 20% of urine samples. On the basis of a usage analysis, contaminated food or environment might be relevant exposu...