GFDL's CM2 Global Coupled Climate Models. Part I: Formulation and Simulation Characteristics

作者：Thomas L. Delworth, Anthony J. Broccoli, Anthony J. Rosati, Ronald J. Stouffer, V. Balaji, John A. Beesley, William F. Cooke, Keith W. Dixon, John P. Dunne, K. A. Dunne, J. Durachta, Kirsten L. Findell, Paul A. Ginoux, Anand Gnanadesikan, Chris Gordon, Stephen M. Griffies, R. Gudgel, Matthew Harrison, Isaac M. Held, Richard S. Hemler, Larry W. Horowitz, Stephen A. Klein, Thomas R. Knutson, Paul J. Kushner, Amy R. Langenhorst, Hyun-Chul Lee, Shian-Jiann Lin, Jian Lu, Sergey L. Malyshev, Paul C. D. Milly, V. Ramaswamy, J. L. Russell, M. D. Schwarzkopf, Elena Shevliakova, J. Sirutis, Michael J. Spelman, William F. Stern, Michael Winton, Andrew T. Wittenberg, Bruce L. Wyman, Fanrong J. Zeng, Rong Zhang · 发表于：Journal of Climate · 年份：2006 · DOI：10.1175/jcli3629.1 · 被引用次数：1729 · 研究领域：Climate variability and models、Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations、Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics

Abstract The formulation and simulation characteristics of two new global coupled climate models developed at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) are described. The models were designed to simulate atmospheric and oceanic climate and variability from the diurnal time scale through multicentury climate change, given our computational constraints. In particular, an important goal was to use the same model for both experimental seasonal to interannual forecasting and the study of multicentury global climate change, and this goal has been achieved. Two versions of the coupled model are described, called CM2.0 and CM2.1. The versions differ primarily in the dynamical core used in the atmospheric component, along with the cloud tuning and some details of the land and ocean components. For both coupled models, the resolution of the land and atmospheric components is 2° latitude × 2.5° longitude; the atmospheric model has 24 vertical levels. The ocean resolution is 1° in latitude and longitude, with meridional resolution equatorward of 30° becoming progressively finer, such that the meridional resolution is 1/3° at the equator. There are 50 vertical levels in the ocean, with 22 evenly spaced levels within the top 220 m. The ocean component has poles over North America and Eurasia to avoid polar filtering. Neither coupled model employs flux adjustments. The control simulations have stable, realistic climates when integrated over multiple centuries. Both models have sim...