Control of Candida albicans Metabolism and Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phenazines

作者：Diana K. Morales, Nora Grahl, Chinweike Okegbe, Lars E. P. Dietrich, Nicholas J. Jacobs, Deborah A. Hogan · 发表于：mBio · 年份：2013 · DOI：10.1128/mbio.00526-12 · 被引用次数：254 · 研究领域：Antifungal resistance and susceptibility、Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing、Cystic Fibrosis Research Advances

Candida albicans has developmental programs that govern transitions between yeast and filamentous morphologies and between unattached and biofilm lifestyles. Here, we report that filamentation, intercellular adherence, and biofilm development were inhibited during interactions between Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa through the action of P. aeruginosa-produced phenazines. While phenazines are toxic to C. albicans at millimolar concentrations, we found that lower concentrations of any of three different phenazines (pyocyanin, phenazine methosulfate, and phenazine-1-carboxylate) allowed growth but affected the development of C. albicans wrinkled colony biofilms and inhibited the fungal yeast-to-filament transition. Phenazines impaired C. albicans growth on nonfermentable carbon sources and led to increased production of fermentation products (ethanol, glycerol, and acetate) in glucose-containing medium, leading us to propose that phenazines specifically inhibited respiration. Methylene blue, another inhibitor of respiration, also prevented the formation of structured colony biofilms. The inhibition of filamentation and colony wrinkling was not solely due to lowered extracellular pH induced by fermentation. Compared to smooth, unstructured colonies, wrinkled colony biofilms had higher oxygen concentrations within the colony, and wrinkled regions of these colonies had higher levels of respiration. Together, our data suggest that the structure of the fungal biofilm pro...