Cross-National Associations Between Gender and Mental Disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys

作者：Soraya Seedat, Kate M. Scott, Matthias C. Angermeyer, Patricia A. Berglund, Evelyn J. Bromet, Traolach Brugha, Koen Demyttenaere, Giovanni de Girolamo, Josep María Haro, Robert Jin, Elie G. Karam, Viviane Kovess–Masféty, Daphna Levinson, María Elena Medina Mora, Yutaka Ono, Johan Ormel, Beth-Ellen Pennell, José Posada‐Villa, Nancy A. Sampson, David R. Williams, Ronald C. Kessler · 发表于：Archives of General Psychiatry · 年份：2009 · DOI：10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36 · 被引用次数：1539 · 研究领域：Mental Health Treatment and Access、Sex and Gender in Healthcare、Mental Health Research Topics

CONTEXT: Gender differences in mental disorders, including more anxiety and mood disorders among women and more externalizing disorders among men, are found consistently in epidemiological surveys. The gender roles hypothesis suggests that these differences narrow as the roles of women and men become more equal. OBJECTIVES: To study time-space (cohort-country) variation in gender differences in lifetime DSM-IV mental disorders across cohorts in 15 countries in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative and to determine if this variation is significantly related to time-space variation in female gender role traditionality as measured by aggregate patterns of female education, employment, marital timing, and use of birth control. DESIGN: Face-to-face household surveys. SETTING: Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the Pacific. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling adults (N = 72,933). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed lifetime prevalence and age at onset of 18 DSM-IV anxiety, mood, externalizing, and substance disorders. Survival analyses estimated time-space variation in female to male odds ratios of these disorders across cohorts defined by the following age ranges: 18 to 34, 35 to 49, 50 to 64, and 65 years and older. Structural equation analysis examined predictive effects of variation in gender role traditionality on these odds ratios. RESULTS: In all cohorts an...