Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?

作者：Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, N. Rosen · 发表于：Physical Review · 年份：1935 · DOI：10.1103/physrev.47.777 · 被引用次数：16873 · 研究领域：Quantum Mechanics and Applications、Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics、Quantum Information and Cryptography

In a complete theory there is an element corresponding to each element of reality. A sufficient condition for the reality of a physical quantity is the possibility of predicting it with certainty, without disturbing the system. In quantum mechanics in the case of two physical quantities described by non-commuting operators, the knowledge of one precludes the knowledge of the other. Then either (1) the description of reality given by the wave function in quantum mechanics is not complete or (2) these two quantities cannot have simultaneous reality. Consideration of the problem of making predictions concerning a system on the basis of measurements made on another system that had previously interacted with it leads to the result that if (1) is false then (2) is also false. One is thus led to conclude that the description of reality as given by a wave function is not complete.