Comprehensive Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology

作者：Willem J. Remme, Karl B Swedberg · 发表于：European Journal of Heart Failure · 年份：2002 · DOI：10.1016/s1388-9842(01)00231-8 · 被引用次数：453 · 研究领域：Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies、Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors、Heart Failure Treatment and Management

The aim of this report is to provide practical guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment and treatment of heart failure for use in clinical practice and in addition for epidemiological surveys and for clinical trials. The recommendations in these guidelines should always be considered in the light of local regulatory requirements for the administration of any chosen drug or device. This report is a comprehensive summary of the full report 1. The full report should be used when in doubt or when further information is required. Recommendations regarding treatments have been based on the degree of available evidence. Heart failure is usually associated with evidence of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, although diastolic impairment at rest is a common if not universal accompaniment. Diastolic heart failure is often presumed to be present when symptoms and signs of heart failure occur in the presence of a preserved LV systolic function. The aetiology of heart failure and the presence of exacerbating factors or other diseases that may have an important influence on management should be considered carefully in all cases. Symptoms of chronic heart failure, pulmonary oedema and shock may be caused by tachy- and bradyarrhythmias or myocardial ischaemia even in patients without major, permanent cardiac dysfunction. It is important to identify any reversible factors in order to treat heart failure optimally. Once a diagnosis of heart failure has been established symptoms may be...