The future of IPM: whither or wither?

作者：Myron P. Zalucki, David Adamson, Michael J. Furlong · 发表于：Australian Journal of Entomology · 年份：2009 · DOI：10.1111/j.1440-6055.2009.00690.x · 被引用次数：186 · 研究领域：Insect-Plant Interactions and Control、Insect behavior and control techniques、Entomopathogenic Microorganisms in Pest Control

Abstract The acronym IPM (integrated pest management) has been around for over 50 years and now not only supposedly guides research and extension in pest management but also markets pesticides, is claimed to be undertaken by many growers, and even resonates with public perceptions and politicians. Whether or not IPM programs are sustainable in the longer term under the conflicting stresses and strains of the modern agricultural environment is debatable. We analyse three case studies of IPM development in Australia: citrus IPM in central Queensland, Brassica IPM in southeast Queensland and Helicoverpa management in cotton in eastern Australia. Many management practices for these pests have changed over time. In the more stable citrus system classical biological control along with changed practices (reduced pesticide use) have effectively controlled imported scale insect pests. In Brassicas and cotton, IPM is predominantly of the sample and spray variety where, increasingly, less broad‐spectrum insecticides are used and, in cotton, Helicoverpa management includes the deployment of transgenic plants. We question whether or not IPM principles are always consistent with market forces and whether or not the approach is universally applicable for all pest insects when implemented at the small (field or farm) scale. Farmers will adopt cost‐effective approaches that minimise their financial risks. For Australia as a whole over the last 30 years insecticide input costs per hectare have...